Transparent high-pressure nozzles for visualization of nozzle internal and external flow phenomena.

A new design for transparent high-pressure nozzles is presented in this work. This new design enables using the innovative Selective Laser Etching (SLE) method to manufacture transparent nozzles with outstanding accuracy. Therefore, not only the simultaneous visualization of the flow mechanics inside and outside the nozzle is enabled, but the manufacturing method applied also allows for the realization of individual nozzle geometries. Thus, nozzle internal flow phenomena (e.g., cavitation, swirl, and air inlet) and their influence on primary breakup can be analyzed with realistic nozzle geometries, e.g., for automotive applications. In addition, targeted three dimensional nozzle geometric parameters can be designed and manufactured in order to get specific tailor-made spray characteristics (e.g., droplet size distribution, spray angle, and penetration length). The basis for the transparent nozzle design is a two-parted nozzle, consisting of a re-machined original serial nozzle body and a transparent nozzle tip. The innovative SLE is used to produce the geometry of the transparent nozzle tip in fused silica, and laser polishing is utilized to achieve a maximum optical quality of nozzle surfaces for visualization. Bonding of both nozzle parts is achieved by a specially designed adhesive method. For a first feasibility study, a transparent nozzle with a simplified nozzle geometry is manufactured and used for a first study. In this study, simultaneous investigation of nozzle internal flow phenomena and their impact on spray breakup are visualized. First microscopic images of the nozzle internal flow show the formation of cavitation, its effect on nozzle internal temperature (apparent by differences in the fluid refractive index), and also the corresponding impact on spray breakup during injection. The penetration of ambient gas into the nozzle is verified at the end of injection as well as the influence of this air on the spray formation during the start of injection.

High quality terahertz glass wave plates.

In this paper we present four λ/2-wave plates made out of fused silica glass for operation in the terahertz frequency range. The design of the wave plates is based on form birefringence. They were fabricated by selective laser-induced etching resulting in a series of glass bars separated by air grooves. Wave plates operating at single, two and several frequencies were designed, fabricated and characterized.

Zero-dead-volume interfaces for two-dimensional electrophoretic separations.

We present the study on the sample transfer characteristics of two different microfluidic interfaces for 2D-CE . These interfaces were manufactured using two different microfabrication technologies: one was obtained via the classical photolithography-wet etching-anodic-bonding process; and the other was obtained via the selective laser-induced etching process. The comparison of the two interfaces, and an intact capillary as a reference, was made via the CE separation of amino acids (arginine and lysine) under different bulk flow conditions, with and without applying bias potential to the secondary channels. The influence on peak shapes, migration times, and repeatabiliy were evaluated.

Precise ablation of dental hard tissues with ultra-short pulsed lasers. Preliminary exploratory investigation on adequate laser parameters.

This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of introducing ultra-short pulsed lasers (USPL) in restorative dentistry by maintaining the well-known benefits of lasers for caries removal, but also overcoming disadvantages, such as thermal damage of irradiated substrate. USPL ablation of dental hard tissues was investigated in two phases. Phase 1--different wavelengths (355, 532, 1,045, and 1,064 nm), pulse durations (picoseconds and femtoseconds) and irradiation parameters (scanning speed, output power, and pulse repetition rate) were assessed for enamel and dentin. Ablation rate was determined, and the temperature increase measured in real time. Phase 2--the most favorable laser parameters were evaluated to correlate temperature increase to ablation rate and ablation efficiency. The influence of cooling methods (air, air-water spray) on ablation process was further analyzed. All parameters tested provided precise and selective tissue ablation. For all lasers, faster scanning speeds resulted in better interaction and reduced temperature increase. The most adequate results were observed for the 1064-nm ps-laser and the 1045-nm fs-laser. Forced cooling caused moderate changes in temperature increase, but reduced ablation, being considered unnecessary during irradiation with USPL. For dentin, the correlation between temperature increase and ablation efficiency was satisfactory for both pulse durations, while for enamel, the best correlation was observed for fs-laser, independently of the power used. USPL may be suitable for cavity preparation in dentin and enamel, since effective ablation and low temperature increase were observed. If adequate laser parameters are selected, this technique seems to be promising for promoting the laser-assisted, minimally invasive approach.